One main approach to soft and stretchable electronics is to impart elasticity to intrinsically rigid conductors. A top-down strategy for this approach is to pattern thin metal films into geometric structures that dissipate strain throughout the traces. These structures employ wavy20, serpentine21, wrinkled22, or intentionally fractured23 designs that induce negligible strain to the material itself by deforming out of plane under large deformation. As the fabrication techniques for these structures usually involve conventional materials and procedures, devices made with this approach are compatible with existing electrical components. This advantage has been successfully demonstrated for skin-inspired devices that are physically imperceptible to the wearer24,25. Still, issues, such as low device density, stretchability only in prescribed directions, and low mechanical stability, have not been resolved. A bottom-up strategy is to embed rigid conductive particles into elastomers. These composites benefit from the large stretchability of the elastomeric matrix material, while the electrical conductivity is maintained by the percolation network of the conductive fillers26. Facile printing methods, including inkjet printing27, screen printing28, and electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing29, of the composite inks have been offered for fabrication of skin-like devices. These methods enabled large-scale and low-cost fabrication of devices, such as stretchable transistor arrays30, stretchable optoelectronic devices31,32,33, wearable sensors34, and energy harvesters35. These nanocomposites could be designed to have high sensitivities by controlling the compositions and the structures of their conductive networks. Nevertheless, their high gauge factors and relatively low electrical conductivities hamper their applications in power transmission.
When tensile strain is applied to a film with LBL-deposited gallium, the oxide skin of the microdroplets ruptures and causes the LM inside to leak out of the shell. This leakage results in an extensive coalescence of the LM protrusions, leading to the connection of a conductive network throughout the substrate. Figure 3a, b shows the transition of the stacked gallium microdroplets on an indium layer to a conductive pathway of the LMMN triggered by tensile strain. When the strain is released, the LMMN film goes into compression resulting in an out-of-plane deformation. This out-of-plane deformation results in the development of structures that are aligned orthogonally to the direction of the strain. These structures remain stable due to the instantaneous formation of an oxide skin on the surface of the LM. The coalescence of LM also increases an effective contact area between the underlying indium and the stacked gallium, causing intermixing of the two metal layers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the films analyzing the impact of applying a strain are shown in Fig. 3c. The XRD patterns clearly demonstrate that the diffraction peak corresponding to solid indium is reduced after the application of strain. This observation suggests that the gallium droplets alloy with the indium to form a liquid phase that remains stable under stretching.
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A 15 year old previously healthy girl presented with an acute febrile illness with a generalized maculopapular skin rash for 3 days with a preceding history of self-injection of mercury to both her forearms. This was an imitating experimental act influenced by a movie and she was mentally sound. Very high whole blood mercury levels, x-rays of the forearms and histology confirmed mercury poisoning.
Mercury is the only metal that exists in liquid form at room temperature. It has no essential biological function. It is used in the manufacture of switches, thermometers, sphygmomanometers, extraction of gold and silver and also known to be used in preservatives, pesticides and tooth fillings [1]. Exposure to mercury can cause mercury poisoning which is also known as hydrargyria or mercurialism. Exposure can be inhalation, ingestion or injection. Self-injection of mercury is very rare but is well documented [2]. We report a case of deliberate self-injection of mercury by a 15 year old girl, inspired by a movie who subsequently achieved complete recovery following removal of mercury by chelation and tissue exploration of the injected sites.
A 15 year old previously healthy girl was brought to our acute medicine unit by the parents with a 3 days history of fever and a generalized maculopapular, non-itchy rash. On further questioning the parents revealed that she had injected 2 ml of mercury by herself to both the antecubital fossae. This was a deliberate action which she had done 1 week prior to the admission and denied any suicidal thoughts. It was an imitating, experimental act influenced by a movie which gave the wrong impression that injection of liquid metals to the bones can convert bone to metal. She did not give similar occurrences in the past and had good school performances and a normal IQ (intelligence quotient). On general examination she was febrile with a generalized maculopapular, non-scaly rash and mild inflammation at injection sites was noted. There was no lymphadenopathy. Rest of the clinical examination was unremarkable.
Mercury toxicity should be diagnosed quickly and decontamination started by removing clothes, washing skin with soap and water followed by chelation and physical removal as in a case of injection. Chelation of acute mercury poisoning can be done with DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid), DMPA (2,3-dimercapto-1-propanisulfonic acid), dimercaprol [British anti-Lewisite (BAL)] or D-penicillamine (DPCN) [11]. DMSA is given orally and it has few side effects and is superior to DMPA, BAL or DPCN [11]. Evan though N-acetyle cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) were used in the past, evidence suggests that they can be counterproductive [12]. In some studies zinc and selenium have been shown to exert a protective effect most likely by induction of metal binding proteins, such as metallothionein and selenoprotein [12], but some found little evidence for this [13].
Eiffel designed a tall, central pylon (92 feet, or 28 meters) to be the primary support structure of the Statue's interior. The pylon serves as the central attachment point for a lightweight truss work of complex asymmetrical girders which forms the Statue's body. To connect the Statue's copper skin to the pylon, flat metal bars are bolted at one end to the pylon and to the copper skin at the other end. While the bars hold the Statue together, they also create flexible suspension (due to their malleability), acting like springs allowing the Statue to adjust and settle into the environment. This elasticity of Eiffel's design is important because the Statue has to withstand winds from New York Harbor, temperature changes, and various other weather conditions. 2ff7e9595c
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